Pada analisis elemental menggunakan Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) sebelum melakukan proses pembacaan, sampel yang berupa padatan perlu dipreparasi terlebih dahulu menjadi bentuk larutan. Cara ini dilakukan untuk menghindari ketidak homogenan sampel, terutama dalam banyak matriks (misalnya Metode US EPA). Proses preparasi bergantung pada berbagai matrix sampel, misalnya menggunakan hot plates, microwave atau uji fusi. Prosedur ini umumnya membutuhkan biaya dan tenaga yang lebih banyak, karena membutuhkan penggunaan bahan kimia berbahaya seperti asam pekat.
Laser Ablation / Laser Ablasi (LA) merupakan instrumen tambahan yang digunakan dalam ICP-MS, perangkat ini dapat melakukan pengambilan sampel dalam bentuk padatan secara langsung tanpa proses preparasi terlebih dahulu. Perangkat ini mampu mengambil berbagai matriks sampel padat, seperti sampel konduktor (misalnya logam dan semikonduktor), non-konduktor (misalnya butiran mineral, kertas dan plastik) dan bahan biologis (misalnya berbagai bagian jaringan). Instrument LA dapat dihubungkan dengan berbagai sistem ICP-MS. Misalnya dengan Thermo Scientific™ iCAP™ RQ ICP-MS dan iCAP TQ ICP-MS yang berbasis quadrupole, untuk kuantifikasi yang akurat. Pada bidang sector seperti Thermo Scientific ELEMENT™ HR-ICP-MS memberikan peningkatan presisi untuk penentuan rasio isotop. Serta sistem ICP-MS multi kolektor, Thermo Scientific™ NEPTUNE Plus™ MC-ICP-MS dalam penentuan rasio isotop dengan presisi tertinggi untuk aplikasi geokronologi.
LA-ICP-MS mampu memberikan batas deteksi dalam kisaran ng·g-1, yang sekilas terlihat lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan Batas Deteksi Metode (MDL) untuk sampel cairan yang dibaca menggunakan ICP-MS. Namun dalam beberapa kasus MDL pada sistem ini memberikan hasil yang lebih unggul setelah memperhitungkan efek preparasi sampel dan pengenceran.
Laser Ablation bekerja berdasarkan prinsip transfer energi, secara umum sampel padatan menyerap lebih baik pada panjang gelombang Ultraviolet (UV yaitu <400 nm). Sehingga sistem yang beredar banyak ditawarkan menggunakan panjang gelombang 266 nm, 213 nm dan 193 nm. Laser dengan panjang gelombang 266 nm dapat menembus lebih ke dalam matriks sampel, sangat efektif untuk bahan buram serta digunakan untuk analisis massal. Laser 193 nm memberikan kontrol yang lebih baik terhadap penetrasi kedalaman, sangat cocok untuk bahan yang lebih transparan dan sering digunakan untuk pembuatan profil, pemetaan, dan aplikasi serupa dengan yang kelas atas. Laser dengan panjang gelombang 213 nm merupakan yang paling umum digunakan untuk berbagai jenis sampel. Semakin transparan matriks sampel maka laser dengan panjang gelombang yang lebih rendah akan lebih efektif.
Dalam sistem laser ablation beberapa parameter penting yang mempengaruhi proses ablasi dan hasil analisis adalah ukuran titik/spot, fluence, dan tingkat pengulangan.
Kombinasi ideal ukuran titik, fluence dan tingkat pengulangan ditentukan oleh jenis sampel dan/atau aplikasi.
Beberapa referensi standar dapat digunakan untuk tuning (penyetelan) dan verifikasi kinerja sistem LA-ICP-MS, misalnya NIST610, 612, dan 614 (trace elemen dalam kaca). Software Qtegra ISDS sudah memiliki fitur autotune rutin untuk sistem Ablasi Laser menggunakan NSIT 612 untuk mengoptimalisasi bagian masuknya sampel dan parameter lensa sehingga mampu mengoptimalkan sensitivitas dan oksida yang terbentuk.
Sistem sel tumbukan/reaksi QCell yang digunakan dalam Thermo Scientific iCAP Q dan iCAP Qnova Series ICP-MS mampu mereduksi interferensi/ gangguan analisis di seluruh rentang massa (Li hingga U) menggunakan diskriminasi energi kinetik (He KED). Untuk aplikasi spesifik pada rentang massa tinggi, pemfokusan tumbukan dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan sensitivitas untuk banyak elemen.
Apa itu Pencitraan atau Pemetaan Elemental?
Gambar atau peta kontur pada LA-ICP-MS memberikan informasi mengenai distribusi unsur dalam area sampel secara dua dimensi, contohnya pada penggambaran diseluruh permukaan butiran mineral atau bagian jaringan biologis. Ketika laser ditembakkan ke permukaan sampel, sampel berpindah pada kecepatan konstan, sehingga profil waktu dari pemindaian garis dapat diterjemahkan kedalam profil jarak. Kumpulan beberapa profil pada sampel akan menghasilkan gambar 2D dari distribusi unsur dalam sampel (3D dapat terbentuk setelah memindahkan titik pengambilan sampel pada sumbu vertikal), dimana intensitas sinyal berbanding lurus dengan konsentrasi.
Pencitraan ini dapat sangat bermanfaat dalam sampel biologis, dimana distribusi elemen dalam bagian tubuh seperti batang dan daun tanaman dapat memberikan gambaran penyerapan dan distribusi trace element yang penting/beracun. Sensitivitas deteksi dan eliminasi interferensi sangat penting untuk aplikasi ini, karena diterjemahkan ke dalam perluasan rentang dinamis yang dapat dicapai di seluruh gambar. Oleh karena itu, penggunaan triple quadrupole ICP-MS direkomendasikan untuk aplikasi ini.
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